{"id":487741,"date":"2024-05-08T09:42:06","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T01:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta3.law.asia\/?p=487741"},"modified":"2025-07-31T14:28:21","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T06:28:21","slug":"judgement-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta3.law.asia\/zh-hans\/judgement-writing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u5199\u4f5c"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"_idContainer000\" class=\"_idGenObjectStyleOverride-1\">\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-1st-paragraph-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"CharOverride-1\"><span class=\"vantage-grey\"><strong>\u8bf4\u7406\u5411\u6765\u662f<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u73af\u3002\u672c\u4e13\u680f\u66fe\u63a2\u7a76\u8fc7\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7f18\u7531\uff08\u89c1\u300a\u5546\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c12\u671f\u7b2c3\u8f91\u6587\u7ae0\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/beta3.law.asia\/zh-hans\/law-reports\/\">\u6cd5\u5f8b\u62a5\u544a<\/a>\u300b\u548c\u7b2c3\u671f\u7b2c3\u8f91\u6587\u7ae0\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/beta3.law.asia\/zh-hans\/binding-persuasive\/\">\u610f\u5411\u4e66\u8fd8\u662f\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\uff1f<\/a>\u300b\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u5224\u4f8b\u6cd5\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6e0a\u6e90\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u90fd\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u7406\u7531\u80fd\u8ba9\u4eba\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u51c6\u786e\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u4f9d\u636e\u548c\u7406\u7531\u4f9b\u5927\u4f17\u67e5\u9605\uff0c\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u660e\u6cd5\u8fa8\u7406\u201d\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u8ba9\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5ead\u3001\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6765\u67e5\u9605\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u5e76\u4e86\u89e3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u672c\u671f\u4e13\u680f\u5219\u5c06\u76ee\u5149\u8f6c\u5411\u5224\u51b3\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u6784\u601d\u548c\u64b0\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u9010\u4e00\u5ba1\u89c6\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u57282018\u5e74\u5370\u53d1\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u8bf4\u7406\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"vantage-grey\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-2\">\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-No-Indent-Chi\" lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5173\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u64b0\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u6587\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u8be6\u7ec6\u884c\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u8c13\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u8981\u5199\u5f97\u8be6\u5c3d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5411\u8d25\u8bc9\u65b9\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u8d25\u8bc9\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u80dc\u8bc9\u65b9\u5219\u4e0d\u5927\u5173\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u80dc\u8bc9\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u7136\u516c\u6b63\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5f53\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0b\u53d1\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5265\u593a\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u5176\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u9884\u671f\u843d\u7a7a\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u4eba\u6709\u6743\u5229\u77e5\u6653\u4f5c\u51fa\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u7684\u56db\u5927\u76ee\u7684\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9610\u8ff0\u6cd5\u5b98\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5411\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5224\u51b3<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u8bf4\u660e\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u7406\u7531<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bf4\u7406\uff0c\u4f9b\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u5ead\u8003\u8651<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u89c6\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u63a8\u7406\u8def\u5f84\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4e0d\u62ab\u9732\u63a8\u7406\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u72af\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u8bf4\u7406\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0a\u8bc9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u5f02\u8bae\u6216\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5355\u7eaf\u7f57\u5217\u51fa\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8bc1\u636e\u5982\u4f55\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e8b\u5b9e\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4fbf\u65e0\u6cd5\u63ed\u793a\u63a8\u7406\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u88c1\u5224\u4e66\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u70b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5173\u8054\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5ead\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e66\u9762\u8bf4\u7406\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u56fa\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u98ce\u683c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u4e0b\u6587\u5c06\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u4e00\u4e00\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"vantage-grey\" style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-2\">(1) \u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-No-Indent-Chi\" lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u88c1\u5224\u4e66\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u4e0b\u5217\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u88c1\u51b3\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff1b<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6750\u6599\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8bf4\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u591a\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684IRAC\u7ed3\u6784\u5305\u542b\u95ee\u9898\uff08issue\uff09\u3001\u89c4\u5219\uff08rule\uff09\u3001\u5e94\u7528\uff08application\uff09\u548c\u7ed3\u8bba\uff08conclusion\uff09\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6587\u4e66\u9996\u5148\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5217\u51fa\u6216\u5206\u6790\u9002\u7528\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6216\u5224\u4f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u5230\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5728\u9648\u8ff0\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u6216\u7acb\u573a\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5efa\u8bae\u5e94\u5f53\u5148\u5217\u51fa\u8d25\u8bc9\u65b9\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u518d\u9610\u8ff0\u8d25\u8bc9\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\u88ab\u9a73\u56de\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e94\u5f53\u8bba\u8bc1\u91c7\u7eb3\u80dc\u8bc9\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u4e66\u7ed3\u6784\u6280\u5de7\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u9898\u548c\u5b50\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u5199\u4f5c\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u5f0f\u629b\u51fa\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u80fd\u591f\u6e05\u6670\u5c55\u793a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5217\u51fa\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8ba9\u88c1\u5224\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7f18\u7531\u4f9d\u636e\u6e05\u695a\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u901a\u7bc7\u9605\u8bfb\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5728\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u6279\u6ce8\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6279\u6ce8\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"vantage-grey\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-2\">(2) \u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-No-Indent-Chi\" lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u529b\u6c42\u7528\u8bed\u6e05\u6670\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee4\u5e7f\u5927\u8bfb\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u5df2\u662f\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u57f9\u8bad\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8bed\u8a00\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u300a\u5546\u6cd5\u300b\u66fe\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fc7\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u89c1\u7b2c11\u671f\u7b2c3\u8f91\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7b80\u660e\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u884c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u81ea\u884c\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u8058\u8bf7\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5ead\u4e0a\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fa9\u62a4\uff08\u76f8\u5173\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u300a\u5546\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c7\u671f\u7b2c9\u8f91\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u81ea\u884c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4e3a\u4e86\u5199\u51fa\u7b80\u660e\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u4fd7\u5e73\u5b9e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bcd\u6c47\u6216\u53e4\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u77ed\u53e5\uff0c\u5206\u6bb5\u9648\u8ff0\u8bc1\u636e\uff08\u300a\u5546\u6cd5\u300b\u66fe\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fc7\u5408\u540c\u8349\u62df\u4e2d\u7684\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u89c1\u7b2c2\u671f\u7b2c8\u8f91\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u7b80\u660e\u5e73\u5b9e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"vantage-grey\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-2\">(3)\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-2\">\u884c\u6587\u98ce\u683c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-No-Indent-Chi\" lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u884c\u6587\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u5448\u73b0\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u7528\u8bed\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5b98\u64c5\u957f\u201c\u5a13\u5a13\u9053\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u50cf\u53d9\u8ff0\u6545\u4e8b\u4e00\u6837\u5c06\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63cf\u8ff0\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u8457\u540d\u8303\u4f8b\u5c31\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u77e5\u540d\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e39\u5b81\u52cb\u7235\uff08Lord Denning\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u7684Miller\u00a0\u8bc9Jackson\u4e00\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u4e89\u8bae\u6d89\u53ca\u677f\u7403\u573a\u4e0a\u6253\u677f\u7403\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5e8f\u8a00\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u5728\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u6253\u677f\u7403\u662f\u6bcf\u4f4d\u6751\u6c11\u7684\u4e50\u4e8b\u3002\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u677f\u7403\u573a\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5728\u573a\u4e0a\u6325\u6746\uff0c\u5e74\u957f\u8005\u5728\u573a\u4e0b\u89c2\u770b\u3002\u5728\u8fbe\u52d2\u59c6\u90e1\u7684\u6797\u8328\u6751\uff0c\u6751\u6c11\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u677f\u7403\u573a\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb70\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6253\u677f\u7403\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u677f\u7403\u573a\u6253\u7406\u5f97\u4e95\u4e95\u6709\u6761\uff0c\u4e09\u67f1\u95e8\u533a\u57df\u5706\u6da6\u6574\u9f50\uff0c\u5916\u573a\u5f88\u77ed\u3002\u677f\u7403\u573a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4f9b\u7403\u5458\u4f11\u606f\u7684\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u4f1a\u6240\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c2\u4f17\u5750\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u6751\u961f\u5468\u516d\u65e5\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6253\u7403\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u4e0e\u9694\u58c1\u51e0\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u6bd4\u8d5b\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4f59\u65f6\u5019\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5219\u5728\u4e0b\u73ed\u540e\u6765\u5230\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u706f\u4e0b\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u4f46\u572870\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u5374\u4e0b\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eca\u540e\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6253\u7403\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7b7e\u53d1\u4e86\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u5236\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u6253\u7403\u3002\u6b64\u7981\u4ee4\u662f\u5e94\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e0d\u7231\u677f\u7403\u7684\u65b0\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u8fd9\u4f4d\u65b0\u5c45\u6c11\u5728\u677f\u7403\u573a\u7684\u8fb9\u6cbf\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u680b\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u5730\u5757\u5728\u56db\u5e74\u524d\u8fd8\u662f\u653e\u725b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4eec\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u4ecb\u610f\u65c1\u8fb9\u6709\u677f\u7403\u573a\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u677f\u7403\u573a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u3002\u65b0\u5c45\u6c11\u4e70\u4e0b\u4e86\u677f\u7403\u573a\u8fb9\u6cbf\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u680b\u623f\u5b50\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u7a7a\u65f7\u573a\u5730\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5356\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u51fb\u7403\u624b\u6253\u51fa6\u5206\uff0c\u7403\u5c31\u4f1a\u843d\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u91cc\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u9644\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u8fd9\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5468\u672b\u53ea\u80fd\u5916\u51fa\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u6751\u6c11\u73a9\u677f\u7403\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u4ee4\u8fd9\u5bf9\u592b\u5987\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5411\u6cd5\u5b98\u7533\u8bf7\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6751\u6c11\u4eec\u6253\u677f\u7403\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5fc3\u6709\u4e0d\u613f\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0b\u53d1\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6751\u6c11\u6253\u677f\u7403\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u8fd9\u7981\u4ee4\u7684\u540e\u679c\u5c06\u662f\u6797\u8328\u677f\u7403\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7684\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u677f\u7403\u573a\u5c06\u53e6\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u3002\u6211\u9884\u8ba1\u672a\u6765\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f1a\u5efa\u9020\u66f4\u591a\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u6253\u677f\u7403\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u53e6\u5bfb\u5a31\u4e50\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u677f\u7403\u573a\u8fb9\u6cbf\u4e70\u4e86\u4e00\u680b\u623f\u5b50\u7684\u65b0\u5c45\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"vantage-grey\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-2\">\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-No-Indent-Chi\" lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5ead\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u300a\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u516d\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u516d\u6761<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u5e94\u5f53\u5199\u660e\u5224\u51b3\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u4f5c\u51fa\u8be5\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6848\u7531\u3001\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u7406\u7531\uff1b<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5224\u51b3\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u7406\u7531\u3001\u9002\u7528\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u7406\u7531\uff1b<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5224\u51b3\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\uff1b<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\uff08\u56db\uff09\u4e0a\u8bc9\u671f\u95f4\u548c\u4e0a\u8bc9\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi-Italic\" style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u7531\u5ba1\u5224\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u4e66\u8bb0\u5458\u7f72\u540d\uff0c\u52a0\u76d6\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5370\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u9662\u90fd\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u9996\u90e8\u4f9d\u6b21\u5199\u660e\u8bc9\u8bbc\u53c2\u52a0\u4eba\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u4e8b\u5b9e\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u539f\u544a\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u7b54\u8fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u7406\u7531\u548c\u88c1\u5224\u4f9d\u636e\u90e8\u5206;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u5224\u51b3\u4e3b\u6587\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Bullet-Chi\">\u5c3e\u90e8\u5305\u62ec\u8fdf\u5ef6\u5c65\u884c\u8d23\u4efb\u544a\u77e5\u3001\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8d39\u7528\u8d1f\u62c5\u3001\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6743\u5229\u544a\u77e5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2018\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5370\u53d1\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u52a0\u5f3a\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u91ca\u6cd5\u8bf4\u7406\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u300b\u3002\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u91ca\u6cd5\u8bf4\u7406\uff0c\u8981\u9610\u660e\u4e8b\u7406\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53ca\u5176\u6839\u636e\u548c\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u5fc5\u987b\u201c\u8981\u91ca\u660e\u6cd5\u7406\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u4ee5\u53ca\u9002\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u7406\u7531\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u57df\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u8981\u6c42\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u53cd\u6620\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u6761\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u8a00\u6216\u4fda\u8bed\uff08\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexicon_Lexicon-Body-Chi\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\uff1f\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u62ed\u76ee\u4ee5\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"vantage-bg-grey\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_1524\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1524\" style=\"width: 148px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beta3.law.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Andrew-Godwin-2015.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-1525 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/beta3.law.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Andrew-Godwin-2015.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"148\" height=\"172\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/law.unimelb.edu.au\/about\/staff\/andrew-godwin\" target=\"_blank\">\u845b\u5b89\u5fb7<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"Body-body-Eng ParaOverride-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span 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